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Arnulf of Montgomery
Arnulf de Montgomery (c. 1066–1118×22), also known as Arnulf of Montgomery, was an Anglo-Norman magnate. A younger son of a leading magnate in Normandy and England, Arnulf played an active part in the Anglo-Norman invasion of southwestern Wales in the late eleventh century. Following his successes against the Welsh, Arnulf established himself at Pembroke, built an earth and timber castle, and was likely rewarded with the title Earl of Pembroke. At the turn of the twelfth century Arnulf reached his height, with his lordship including much of the former Welsh kingdom of Deheubarth and lands in Yorkshire. A short time later, he joined his elder brother's rebellion against the king of England, and married a daughter of the king of Munster in an effort to gain military support against his English sovereign. Following the ultimate collapse of the rebellion, Arnulf and his brothers were outlawed and banished from the realm, and Arnulf appears to have spent much of the next twenty-odd years in a peripatetic life in Ireland and Normandy.
==Background==
Arnulf was likely born in the late 1060s,〔Chandler (1989) p. 8.〕 possibly about 1066.〔Thompson (2004b).〕 He was a younger son of Roger de Montgomery, ''vicomte'' of the Hièmois (died 1094) and Mabel de Bellême (died 1077).〔Mason (2004b); Keats-Rohan (1999) pp. 399–400.〕 Arnulf's parents likely married in about 1050.〔Mason (2004b).〕 His mother was a daughter of, and eventual heiress of, Guillaume de Bellême, lord of Alençon (died c. 1063).〔 Arnulf's father, an apparent kinsman and close companion of William, duke of Normandy (died 1087), was an eminent magnate in Normandy.〔Keats-Rohan (1999) pp. 399–400; Mason (1963) pp. 1–5.〕 As tutor to Matilda, duchess of Normandy (died 1083), Roger and his eldest sons did not embark on the 1066 Norman invasion of England. When William returned to Normandy as king in 1067, Roger accompanied him back to England, and was granted extensive lands, including the Sussex rapes of Arundel and Chichester, followed by the county of Shropshire. Soon afterwards, Roger was made Earl of Shrewsbury. By 1086, he was one of the wealthiest tenants-in-chief in England.〔 Arnulf makes his first appearance at about this time, in 1082/83, when he and his elder brother, Roger the Poitevin (died before 1140), witnessed William's confirmation of their father's grant to the Norman abbey of Troarn.〔Chandler (1989) pp. 2, 2 n. 3, 8; Davis (1913) p. 47 (§ 172).〕
In 1088, Roger and at least three of his sons participated in plot to eject William Rufus, king of England (died 1100) from the throne, with the intent to replace him with Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy (died 1134), William Rufus' elder brother.〔Mason (2004b); Lewis (1989) pp. 572–573; Mason (1963) p. 16.〕 This rebellion is documented in several sources, such as the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', the ''Worcester Chronicle'', and the twelfth-century historians William of Malmesbury (died in or after 1142) and Henry of Huntingdon.〔Lewis (1989) pp. 572–573; Arnold (1879) pp. 213–215; Forester 1854a, pp. 186–191 (§ 1088); Forester (1853) pp. 222–223; Thorpe (1849) pp. 21–26; Giles (1847) pp. 327–330; Hardy (1840) pp. 486–490 (§ 306).〕 According to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', the only strictly contemporary source of the four, Robert Curthose's followers captured Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and thereby gained control of the castle of Rochester. The aforesaid source identifies several leading members of the insurrection, including three sons of Roger.〔Lewis (1989) pp. 572–573; Stevenson (1853) pp. 135–137 (§ 1088).〕 Although these unnamed brothers appear to have been Roger's eldest sons Robert de Bellême (died in or after 1130), Hugh de Montgomery (died 1098), and Roger the Poitevin,〔Lewis (1989) p. 573; Mason (1963) p. 16; Freeman (1882) p. 57 n. 3.〕 it is not impossible that the latter took no part in the rising, and that the third brother was in fact Arnulf himself.〔Lewis (1989) p. 573, 573 n. 2.〕 Although the rebellion was an ultimate failure, the king imposed no penalty upon Roger, and allowed Roger the Poitevin to be reinstated with most of the lands that ''Domesday Book'' shows he previously held.〔Mason 2004b; Mason (1963) p. 16.〕
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